( c) Cell-electrospinning process with the processing parameters.Ĭonsequently, electrospun fibers are widely used in biomedical applications to regenerate various tissues. ( b) Extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and cell–cell interconnectivity on a flat, micro, and nano structure. ( a) Electrospinning process with the basic components. ECM also plays an important role in cell–ECM interaction, transducing extracellular information into intracellular events ( Figure 1b). Moreover, these electrospun scaffolds simulate the native structure of an extracellular matrix (ECM), which demonstrates a vital role in cell functions, such as cell survival, polarity, proliferation, migration and differentiation. These micro/nano-sized fibers provide a large surface area-to-volume ratio, which can enhance cellular activities, such as cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. The jet undergoes bending instabilities, causing the whipping of fibers, resulting in a randomly oriented fibrous mat. The electrostatic force within the Taylor cone becomes greater than the surface tension, thereby generating a liquid jet from the cone. As the strength of the electric field increases, the microsphere at the tip elongates forming a conical shape called the Taylor cone. When the electric field is applied between the nozzle tip and the grounded collector, a microsphere is formed at the end of the nozzle. An electrospinning process basically requires three components, namely a nozzle tip attached to a high voltage direct current (HVDC) source, a flow rate controller, and a grounded collector, as illustrated in Figure 1a. ES is based on the use of electrical forces to produce fibers with sizes ranging from micro- to nanometers. Since its introduction, it has been used in various fields, such as aerospace applications, agriculture, filtration, and textile. The early concept of electrospinning was proposed in the 1930s by Anton Formhals. For this reason, various methods have been investigated to design bioscaffolds that simulate the environment of the native tissue.Įlectrospinning (ES) is one well-known method of fabricating scaffolds that comprise micro/nanofibers. Therefore, the scaffolds are expected to provide a cell-friendly environment from micro- to nanoscale to guide cells into the targeted tissue or organ and enable them to mature. Tissue engineering focusses on restoring or improving the function of defective tissues by developing biological substitutes, comprising scaffolds, cells, and biofactors. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2892-2905, 2017.Ĭell-material interactions electrospinning fiber scaffold tissue engineering.Tissue engineering has achieved noteworthy advancements in regenerating human organs and tissues ever since it was introduced. This review highlights these advancements by providing an overview of the processing variables and setups used to modulate scaffold architecture, discussing strategies to improve cellular infiltration and guide cell behavior, and providing a summary of electrospinning applications in tissue engineering. Recent efforts have focused on extending the capabilities of electrospinning to produce scaffolds that better recapitulate tissue properties and enhance regeneration. Beyond its versatility in material selection, electrospinning also provides many tools to tune the fiber morphology and scaffold geometry. Electrospinning, a technique used to fabricate fibrous scaffolds, has gained popularity in recent years as a method to produce tissue engineered grafts with architectural similarities to the extracellular matrix.
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